Diphtheria: A Guide to Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
What is Diphtheria?
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, leading to the formation of a thick, gray membrane that obstructs breathing and can be fatal if left untreated.
Symptoms of Diphtheria
The symptoms of diphtheria typically appear 2-5 days after exposure to the bacteria and can range from mild to severe. The most common symptoms include:
- Sore throat and difficulty swallowing
- Swollen cervical lymph nodes (swollen glands in the neck)
- Formation of a thick, gray membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, or larynx (voice box)
- Hoarseness or loss of voice
- Difficulty breathing
- Fever and chills
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
Causes of Diphtheria
Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria, which is spread through contact with respiratory droplets or contaminated objects. People who are not vaccinated against diphtheria are at risk of infection. Diphtheria can occur in both children and adults, but it is most common in unvaccinated children under the age of 5.
Transmission of Diphtheria
Diphtheria is spread through close contact with an infected person or carrier of the bacteria. It can be transmitted through:
- Respiratory droplets produced by coughing or sneezing
- Sharing contaminated objects, such as toys, utensils, or clothing
- Touching an infected wound or skin lesion
Treatment for Diphtheria
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the successful management of diphtheria. Treatment typically involves:
- Antibiotics to kill the bacteria
- Antitoxin to neutralize the diphtheria toxin
- Supportive care measures, such as oxygen therapy and airway management if breathing is obstructed
Prevention of Diphtheria
The most effective way to prevent diphtheria is through vaccination. The diphtheria vaccine is part of the routine childhood immunization schedule and is highly effective in preventing the disease. Other preventive measures include:
- Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick or have symptoms of diphtheria
- Practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and covering coughs and sneezes
- Properly disposing of contaminated waste
